What is stock Exchange ?

Stock Exchange 

- The stock exchange is the market for buying and selling of stocks, shares, securities, bonds and debentures etc. It increases the market ability of existing securities by providing simple method for public and others to buy and sell securities.

 > The first organised stock exchange in India was started in Bombay (now Mumbai) when the "Native Share Brokers' Association" known as the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) was formed by the brokers in Bombay. BSE was Asia's oldest stock exchange.

 > In 1894, the Ahmedabad stock Exchange was started to facilitate dealings in the shares of textile mills there. > The Calcutta Stock Exchange was started in 1908 to provide a market for shares of plantations and jute mills.

 > The number of stock exchanges rose from 7 in 1939 to 21 in 1945.

> Under the securities contract (Regulation) Act of 1956, the Government of India has so far recognised 23 stock exchanges. Bombay is the premier exchange in the country.

 > With the setting up of National Stock Exchange, all regional stock exchanges have lost relevance.

 > The BSE transformed itself into a corporate entity from being a brokers association, from the middle of August, 2005.

* As a public limited company, BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange) is obliged to dilute stock brokers stake to 49%

To prevent excessive speculation and volatility in the stock market SEBI has introduced rolling settlements from July 2, 2001, under which settlement has to be made every day. To

इकतरफा प्यार हो सकता है जानलेवा, इसे जानने के हैं ये 5 संकेत

रिलेशनशिप डेस्क। कई बार इंसान किसी के प्रति बेहद आकर्षण महसूस करने लगता है और उससे प्यार करने लगता है। ऐसा अपने आप नहीं होता। अक्सर लड़के या लड़कियां परस्पर शुरुआती आकर्षण महसूस करते हैं और प्यार की भावना उनमें पैदा होती है, पर कई वजहों से यह स्थाई नहीं हो पाती। ऐसा भी होता है कि लड़के या लड़कियां किसी न किसी संकेत से समझते हैं कि उनका दोस्त उनसे प्यार कर रहा है। ऐसा वास्तव में होता भी है, लेकिन कई बार पार्टनर एक को छोड़ कर किसी दूसरे के साथ प्यार करने लगता है। लेकिन दूसरे पार्टनर को इसके बारे में पता नहीं होता। वह तो पहले की तरह ही प्यार की भावना से भरा होता है। ऐसी स्थिति में उसे उपेक्षा का सामना करना पड़ता है। प्यार एक ऐसी भावना है जो अगर सच्ची हो तो इसके लिए लोग जान तक दे देते हैं। जब उन्हें पता चलता है कि जिससे वे इतना ज्यादा प्यार करते थे, वह उसे दिल से नहीं चाहता तो डिप्रेशन के शिकार हो जाते हैं। कई पुरुष तो ऐसी स्थिति में इतने निराश हो जाते हैं कि बहुत ज्यादा शराब पीने लगते हैं, वहीं कुछ सुसाइड तक कर लेते हैं। इसलिए इकतरफा प्यार को जानलेवा कहा गया है। इससे बचना चाहिए और उन संकेतों को समझना चाहिए जिससे पता चलता है कि पार्टनर आपको नहीं चाहता।
1. रिस्पॉन्स नहीं देना
आप जिससे प्यार करते हैं, वह अगर आपकी बातों पर खास ध्यान नहीं दे तो समझ लें कि वह आपको कोई खास महत्व नहीं दे रहा। अक्सर लोग जिससे प्यार करते हैं, उसकी बात को बहुत ही ध्यान से सुनते हैं और उस पर तुरंत प्रतिक्रिया जाहिर करते हैं। लेकिन जब बात इकतरफा प्यार की हो तो इसमें ऐसा नहीं होता।
2. मिलने से बचना
जो लोग एक-दूसरे से प्यार करते हैं, उनकी कोशिश होती है कि मौका मिलते ही मिलें। मिलना और साथ में वक्त बिताना उनके लिए बहुत मायने रखने वाली बात होती है। लेकिन अगर कोई मिलने से जानबूझ कर बचना चाहे तो समझना चाहिए कि यह इकतरफा प्यार है और इससे दूर हो जाना चाहिए।
3. बहानेबाजी करना
जो सच्चा प्यार करते हैं, वे किसी बात को लेकर बहाने नहीं बनाते। वे सच बोलने में यकीन करते हैं। लेकिन अगर आप किसी से इकतरफा प्यार करते हों तो आपका पार्टनर किसी काम को लेकर कई तरह के बहाने बना सकता है। वह ऐसा किसी तरह की परेशानी से बचने के लिए करता है। अगर आपका पार्टनर आपसे बहाने बनाता हो तो समझ जाएं कि आपका प्यार इकतरफा है।
4. मैसेज का जवाब नहीं देना
अक्सर प्रेमी किसी भी मैसेज का तुरंत जवाब देते हैं। लेकिन अगर आपका पार्टनर फोन या वॉट्सऐप पर भेजे गए मैसेज की कोई रिप्लाई नहीं देता तो तुरंत समझ जाएं कि वह आपकी उपेक्षा कर रहा है और उसे आपसे प्यार नहीं है।
5. फोन रिसीव नहीं करना
अगर आपका पार्टनर फोन रिसीव नहीं करता या फोन बिजी रहने पर बाद में रिटर्न कॉल नहीं करता तो इससे भी इस बात का संकेत मिलता है कि वह आपसे वास्तव में प्यार नहीं करता। अगर कभी वह प्यार भरी बातें करता भी है तो यह समझ लें कि वह रिलेशनशिप को लेकर गंभीर नहीं है और कभी भी धोखा दे सकता है। 

what will happen if Modi remains the Prime minister of India by 2029?

What happen if Modi remains the Prime Minister of India by 2029 ?

Google

When it comes to dealing with long-term global challenges such as sanitation, climate, change, poverty or establishing peace, it is also very important to identify which leaders have the ability to deal with them in the long run.

Google

By the way, according to the news, Prime Minister Narendra Modi can win not only 2019 but also the election of 2024 and he can remain the PM of India till 2029.Google

The Modi government has not yet 200 days in its second term, but in these 196 days, the Modi government has taken many big decisions. From section 370 to triple talaq and now the Citizenship Amendment Bill, the Modi government has decided on the pending cases which were pending in the country for many years. Ever since Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi took over the reins of the country, he has done many things for the country till now.

Source : www.ndtv.com

2 lakh women were raped, 30 lakh people were killed, when Bangladesh established

                    Google

New Delhi: On 3 December 1971, the Indian Army attacked the Pakistan Army due to the brutality of the Pakistani army in East Pakistan. This was the second time after the 1965 war when the armies of the two countries were face to face. The Indian Army had also ignored the threat of the US for the independence of Bangladesh by separating from Pakistan. The US deployed its 7th fleet of the navy in the Bay of Bengal to intimidate India. 

The 1971 war between India and Pakistan began as the Bangladesh Liberation War. After the India-Pakistan partition, Pakistan was divided into eastern and western parts. East Pakistan (today's Bangladesh) was governed by the Pak government sitting in West Pakistan in its own way. Linguistic and cultural restrictions were imposed on them. This led to protests in East Pakistan. To curb these, the government ordered the army to suppress them

                    .credit: Google

During this time, big leaders of East Pakistani Awami League like Sheikh Mujirbur Rahman, etc. were put in jail. According to the information, about two lakh women were raped by the Pakistani army. About 20 to 3 million people were killed. Around 80 million to one crore people fled and took refuge in India. On December 16, after the 13-day war, the Pakistani Army had given up arms. The Indian Army had arrested about 90 thousand Pak soldiers. However, all the prisoners were released by the then Indira government.

What is a Galaxy ?

     Galaxy 

> Agalaxy is a vast system of billions of stars, which also contains a large number of gas clouds (mainly of hydrogen gas) and dust, isolated in space from similar systems.

> There are about 100 billion galaxies (1011 galaxies) in the universe, and each galaxy has, on an average, 100 billion stars (1011 stars). So, the total number of stars in the universe is 1022 stars.

 > The Milky Way Galaxy is the home of the Earth and our Solar System. It is spiral in shape.

> Milky Way Galaxy was formed 5 billion years after the Big Bang.

 > Latest known galaxy is the Dwarf Galaxy.

> According to the modern thought, universe can be classified into two parts namely-(a) Atmosphere and (b) Space.

> Origin of the universe is explained by the Big Bang Theory, formulated and proposed by the Belgian astronomer and cosmologist Georges Lemaitre.

> Andromeda is our nearest galaxy.

Important facts about the planet Mercury

 

    Mercury

 > Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun.

> It is extremely hot planet. The planet has no water on it.

> Mercury planet has no gases like CO,, N, H, and O, which can act as building blocks of life.

 > Mercury planet has no protective blanket like Ozone around it to prevent us from harmful radiations. 

Important facts about the planet Venus

Venus    

>  Venus is the second planet in distance from the Sun. This planet is nearest to the Earth and is also the brightest planet.

                           

> Venus is known as the "Evening Star" as well as "Morning Star".

> Venus is surrounded by a thick cloud cover, hence known as the "Veiled Planet" ('veil' means unclear/ cover).

>Venus is like the Earth in size and mass, and hence also known as the "Earth's twin". It also rotates clockwise like Uranus.

> Venus is the hottest planet (even hotter than Mercury) of our Solar System, due to its veil of cloud.

>Venus has no water on it. There is no sufficient oxygen on the Venus.

Andromeda : Earth's closest Galactic neighbour

                         

Andromeda : Earth's closest Galactic neighbour

 > Andromeda is a spiral galaxy and also our closest neighbour.

> It appears as a fuzzy patch of light and contains millions of stars.

> It is the farthest object that can be seen with the naked eye.

> Along with the Milky Way, it belongs to a group of galaxies known as the Local Group, which in turn is a part of Virgo Cluster of groups.

> Like stars, galaxies are grouped into clusters. Some clusters contain thousands of galaxies.

>About 30 galaxies, along with the Milky Way and the Andromeda are grouped together in one cluster called the Local Group.

>Clusters may group together into upper clusters.

 > Super clusters are also spread randomly throughout the universe.

What is Nebulae ?

 Nebulae

> Nebulae are huge interstellar clouds of gas and dust that appear as faint, misty patches of light scattered all over the sky.

 > They appear either as bright luminous clouds or as dark patches against a brighter background.

> A nebula depends for its luminosity upon the presence of stars that have either arisen from it or are contained in it.

 > If the stars are extremely hot, the hydrogen in the nebula is ionized and emits a certain amount of light of its own.

>If a star is less hot, the nebula shines only by reflection.

> If there are no suitable stars, the nebula does not shine and remains dark and can be detected only because it blots out the light of the stars beyond.

Some important facts about the moon

                         Th Moon

 > The Moon is the only satellite of the earth.       

> It has a diameter of 3475 km. and its circumference is 10864 km. while its orbit is elliptical.

> The maximum distance (apogee) of the moon from the earth is 4,06,000 km. and the minimum distance (perigee) is 3,64,000 km.

> It takes 27 days, 7 hours and 43 minutes to rotate on its axis (this period of about 272 days is called the sideral month) and approximately the same period of time it takes to revolve around the earth. The moon's period of revolution with reference to the sun is about 29.53 days (29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes and 2.8 seconds). This period is called a synodic month.
                       

 > Only 59 per cent of the total surface of the moon is visible from the earth.

> The bright part of the moon is full of mountains whereas the dark patches are low lying plains.

 > "Sea of tranquility', made of the plain of dust particles, is on the rear side of the moon, which always remains dark.

> The highest mountain on the moon is liebuity mountain, which is 10,660 meter high.
                             

> The moon has no atmosphere, no twilight and no sound. The temperature during daytime is about 100°C and during night it drops down to about -180°C.

 > The light from the moon takes 1.3 seconds to reach the earth.

 > The size of the Moon is one-fourth (1/ 4th) the size of the Earth. 
                         

> Gravitational pull of Moon is one-sixth (1/6th) that of the Earth.

 > Mainly silicon, iron, magnesium etc. elements are found on the Moon's surface.

> The study of the Moon is called "Selenology".

> Moon is also known as the fossil planet.

5 strange facts about Stars

Facts about Stars

 > There are billions and billions of stars in the sky but only about 2000 stars can be seen with the naked eye on a clear moonless night.
                     

>There are 1022 stars in the Universe.

> About 8000 stars are visible from the Earth with naked eye. Out of this, 4000 stars are visible in the Northern Hemisphere and 4000 in the Southern Hemisphere.

> In either hemisphere, only 2000 stars are visible at any given time.

> The other 2000 are located in the day-time sky and the brightness of the Sun renders them invisible.
                                       

Important discoveries in physics for all competitive examination

Discovery

1.Laws of motion    Newton

 2.Law of electrostatic attraction  Coulomb

 3. Atom   John Dalton

 4.Photography (On metal)   J. Neepse

 5.Law of Electric resistance   Ohm

 6.Law of floatation     Archemedes

7.Electromagnetic Induction   Michael Faraday

8.Photography (On paper)   Talbot

9.Dynamite   Alfred Nobel

10.Periodic table   Mandelee

11. X-Rays   Roentgen

12.Radioactivity  Henry Becquerel

13.Electron   J.J. Thomson

14.Radium    Madam Curie

15.Quantum theory   Max Plank

16.Wireless Telegram   Marconi


First in India ( femaFe)
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How to say time in English translation Hindi to English

आपकी घड़ी में कितने बजे हैं ?
  What is the time by your watch?

इस समय नौ बजे हैं ।
It  is 9 O'clock .

आज कितनी तारीख है ?
What is the date today?

आपका जन्म दिन कब है ?
When is your birthday?

 उठने का वक्त हो गया है ।
It is time to wake up.

 मैं सुबह पाँच बजे उठता हूँ ।
I wake up every morning at 5 OclO'cl.

उसने देर नहीं की है ।
He has not delayed.

प्रत्येक काम का एक उचित वक्त होता है ।
There is a proper time for everything.

 दो बजकर पन्द्रह मिनट हुए हैं ।
It is quarter past two.

 दस बजने में दस मिनट बाकी है ।
It is ten to ten.

आपके पिताजी कितने बजे घर में आ जाते हैं ?
By what time does your father come home.

 हम बहुत पहले ऑफिस / फैक्ट्री आ गये हैं ।
We have reached office too early.

 अच्छे दिन आयेंगे ।
Good days are ahead.

अपने समय का पूरा लाभ उठाओ ।
Make the best use of your time.

आज 26 जनवरी 2015 है ।
It is 26 Jan.2015

वह ठीक समय पर आ गया ।
He came at right time.

हमारे पास बहुत समय है ।
We have enough time.

बीता हुआ समय वापस नहीं आता ।
Time once lost can never be regained.

Class 12 ( 10+2) English 7 important questions of chapter 2. Lost spring

Q1. Describe the kinds of bangles made in Firozabad.

Ans. Firozabad is famous for its bangles. The town produces all the bangles for the men of India, Bangles of all sizes and colours are made here. One may have sunny gold or paddy green. There is a choice between royal blue, pink or purple. Every colour out of the seven colours of the rainbow is available here.

Q2. Little has moved with time in Firozabad', says Anees Jung. Why does she say  so ?

 Ans.  The narrator is making a statement of facts. Actually, little has moved with the time in Firozabad'. The old bangle-making industry.goes on as usual. So goes on the exploitation of bangle-makers with it. More than 20,000 young children work illegally in glass furnaces with high temperature. The exploitation of the money-lenders, the middlemen and the policemen continues unabated.

Q3. Why does the author say that the bangle-makers are caught in a vicious web ?
Ans.  The bangle-makers of Firozabad have lost all initiatives and the ability to dream as they are caught in the web of poverty. They are also caught in a vicious cirele of money- lenders, the middlemen, the keepers of law, the bureaucrats and the politicians. They can't stand on their feet and organise themselves into a cooperative. They fear to be dragged to jail if they fight for their rights.

Q4. Which forces conspire to keep the workers in the bangle industry at Firozabad in poverty ?

 Ans. The workers in the bangle industry in Firozabad have fallen into the vicious circle of middlemen. They don't allow them to organise themselves into à cooperative. The police always side with the middlemen to haul up the workers. They are beaten and dragged to jail. Poverty, apathy, greed and injustice conspire to make them miserable.

 Q5. What are the problems faced by the bangle makers ?

 Ans. The bangle makers working in the glass industry of Firozabad face many problems. First of all, they have to work in sub-human conditions. They work in dingy cells or in the glass furnaces with high temperature. They become blind quite often. They have fallen in the web of poverty and exploitation. Moneylenders, middlemen and even the policemen exploit them. (CBSE 2010) (A.I. CBSE 2008) ICBSE 2009 (F)]

Q6. Why could the bangle-makers not organise themselves into a cooperative? (CBSE 2012)

Ans.  The bangle-makers of Firozabad can't ever attain economic independence. The vicious circle of moneylenders, middlemen, politicians and the police frustrate their attempts. They fear to be hauled up by the police, beaten and dragged to jail for doing something illegal. So they have lost all initiative to organise themselves into a cooperative.

Q7.  How is Mukesh different from the others of his family ? Why is the author cheered when she sees him ?

Ans.  Mukesh belongs to a poor family of bangle-makers. But he can dare challenge n Tate. He is determined. He has not let his hopes and dreams die He wants to be a motor mechanic. He doesn't dream of flying a machine but a car on the roads of Firozabau. Anee Jung is quite hopeful of his success. (Imp.)

Personality Test (Interview Test) UPSC cse

Personality Test (Interview Test) 

The candidate who has cleared the Mains examination will be interviewed by a board who will have before them a record of his/her career. He/she will be asked questions on matters of general interest. The objective of the interview is to assess the personal suitability of the candidate for a career in public services by a board of competent and unbiased observers. The test is intended to judge the mental calibre of a candidate. In broad terms this is really an assessment of not only his/her intellectual qualities but also social traits and his/her interest in current affairs. Some of the qualities to be judged are mental alertness, critical powers of assimilation, clear and logical exposition, balance of judgement, variety and depth of interest, ability for social cohesion and leadership, intellectual and moral integrity.

 The technique of the interview is not that of a strict cross-examination but of a natural, well directed and purposive conversation which is intended to reveal the mental qualities of the candidate. The interview test is not intended to be a test either of the specialised or general knowledge of the candidates which has already been tested through their written papers. Candidates are expected to have taken an intelligent interest not only in their special subjects of academic study but also in the events which are happening around them both within and outside their own state or country as well as in modern currents of thought and in new discoveries which should rouse the curiosity of well-educated youth.

Note: -he interview carries 275 marks

Grand Total: 2025

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How to approach current affairs UPSC cse??

How to approach current affairs??

   Current Affairs Current Affairs has not only assumed greatest significance in the Civil Services preparation, its weightage is continuously increasing year after year.

Current Affairs is a vast area comprising events of national and international importance, bilateral developments, sports and personalities in various fields along with prizes, awards and honours of highest accolade. Questions are also asked on the United Nations and its agencies and heads of corporate sectors.
 Half of the Current Affairs questions are on General knowledge or somehow related to it. It would be a gross fallacy to assume that by just reading newspapers and current affairs magazines one may sail through this section.
 Finally, on analyzing the categorization of questions and the changing pattern of the questions being asked, one may easily conclude that if proper analysis, planning and strategy are taken care of, GS would become a much easier nut to crack and there be no need of allaying apprehensions regarding its preparation.

How to approach current affairs. Click herehttps://premshray01.blogspot.com/?m=1

How to approach General Studies Paper-II (CSAT)

       Genera Studies Paper-II (CSAT)

After the change in syllabus and introduction of CSAT,  the second paper comprises General Mental Ability and Reasoning. In  Genera Mental Ability, the total number of questions have shown a fluctuating trend with a perpetual increase in difficulty levels. Moreover, the questions are being asked from hitherto less expected areas, and this has made the preparation more difficult. Of late, the chapter on Probability has also become important.

For dealing with Comprehension and Reasoning questions, one should resort to proper practice of previous years' question papers and model questions, which are generally sufficient to score well in these areas.
     Many questions are of complex nature, forcing students to think about it. Reverse engineering is the best method to solve them in minimum time. The most important fact to remember is that this paper is of qualifying nature and candidates are expected to score a minimum of 33% marks in this paper. If a candidate fails to score this minimum marks, then he/she is not considered for selection at all.

Important vocabulary you must know, English to Hindi

1. Wow- वाह

2. Fortune -स्वभाग्यसलि

3. Humble regard -प्रणाम

4. Mind blowing - होस उडा देने वाला

5. Presence - उपस्थित

6. Genius - प्रतिभा

7. Attention - ध्यान

8. Honourable -आदरणीय

9. Adorable - प्यारे

10. desirous -इक्षिकु

About - Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma shri

1. Padma Vibhushan:  The award is given forexceptional and distinguished services in any field including service rendered by government servants.
 The decoration is circular in design, with a geometrical pattern superimposed on the circle. The diameter of the circular portion is 4.4 cm and the thickness about 0.6 mm. On the obverse, there is a lotus flower embossed on the circular space. The word "Padma" is embossed in Hindi above the word "Vibhushan" below the lotus flower. On the reverse are the State emblem and the motto in Hindi. It is of toned bronze. The inscription "Padma Vibhushan" on the obverse, the geometrical pattern on either side and the border around periphery are in burnished bronze. All embossing on either side of decoration is in white gold.

2.Padma Bhushan:  The award is given for distinguished service of a high order in any field, including service rendered by government servants.
~~ It has the same design as the "Padma Vibhushan". On its obverse the word "Padma" appears above and the word "Bhushan" below the lotus flower.
The inscription "Padma Bhushan" on the obverse, the geometrical pattern on either side and the border around periphery are in burnished bronze. All embossing either side of the decoration is in standard gold.

3.Padma Shri : The award is given for distinguished service in including service rendered by government servants. The name of the decoration is embossed in Hindi with the word "Padma" above and the word "Shri" below the lotus flower on the obverse. The inscription "Padam Shri" on the obverse, the geometrical pattern on either side and the border around the periphery are in burnished bronze. All embossing on either side of the decoration is in stainless steel.

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First in India ( female)

1. India's first woman president -
     Smt. Pratibha Patil

2. India's first woman Prime minister -
     Smt. Indira Gandhi

3. India's first woman Governor -
    Sarojini Naidu

4. India's first woman IPS officer -
     Kiran Bedi

5. First woman judge of the supreme Court -
    Meera Sahib Fatima Bibi

6. First Indian woman to go to space
     Kalpana chawla

7. First Indian woman to win the Booker          Prize -
    Arundhati Roy

8. First Indian woman to become miss                universe-
    Sushmita sen

9. First Indian woman to get Bharat Ratna -
    Smt. Indira Gandhi

10. First woman to get the Noble Prize -
       Mother Teresa